Draft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Draft - Essay Example Thus, this brought an understanding that the qualities and convictions are associated with social practices, conventions and ceremonies that odds their lifestyle (Nel, 2012). The synopsis likewise explained on the issues identified with the separation of the social practices, customs and conventions. It additionally explains on the inborn examples of practices that are transmitted starting with one age then onto the next. The term custom is characterized in the article as a training, which manages the public activity of certain gathering in the general public, while ceremonies are characterized as types of social practices or functions rolling out a specific improvement in the general public. In addition, the article demonstrated that the Africa social orders are connected to the social practices, conventions and standard issues. Additionally, the article clarified these ceremonies include different physical markings on the body, for example, circumcisions or body scarification (Tiley-Nel, 2012). For this situation, these customs are diverse dependent on the ethnic gatherings, whereby the ceremonial practices are images of development stage. Taking everything into account, the paper covers an outline of two articles canvassed in class, which incorporate â€Å"Ndebele culture, customs and rituals† by Tiley-Nel and Initiation patterns of conventional South African societies by Nel, J. The articles spread an impression of social, convention and ceremonial practices in African culture. The articles share thoughts identified with the practices among African culture, which are rehearses in a contemporary society during the time spent portraying the change of the young men and young ladies to the grown-up hood. Thusly, this paper has center around recognizing the central matters that are in these

PROJECT MANGGMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Task MANGGMENT - Essay Example Inside the Project group, groups are framed dependent on the association of assignments to be performed. The piece of gatherings is to guarantee that time isn't lost in handling of data and subsequently the dynamic procedure (Chapin and Huber-Sannwald 2001). The present undertaking group execution has been upgraded by making a situation where every individual from the gathering has adequate comprehension of the assignments expected concerning execution. Such is the clearness in task that the colleagues can self-screen their presentation and day by day progress. Another element of the gathering is the correspondence channels that exist and should carefully be clung to. These channels are created to guarantee the briefest time slip by between the sender, the recipient, the input and the execution of accessible data. The channels guarantee that the departmental heads get an occasional instructions on the advancement of their gatherings and can be speedy in their reactions and successfully oversee circumstances before they turn crazy. Under interchanges and data preparing, the undertaking supervisory group has a program structure that requests standard gatherings with the essential goal being execution assessment and diagramming the path forward. With momentary objectives being the standard, these unrehearsed gatherings serve to guarantee that the exercises are on target according to method prerequisites. For those exercises not at standard with their projections, important advances are taken to guarantee that any interruption ejects comparable to the advancement of the association (Project Management Institute 2013) The constraints of power are as of now clear with the end goal that colleague knows about the limits of their position. Such cutoff points are set to guarantee that there are no covering obligations that may raise irreconcilable circumstances among the colleagues. Also, to guarantee responsibility, each level

3 Proven Strategies to Motivate Your Team

3 Proven Strategies to Motivate Your Team Its a fresh battle every day to find the motivation to get through my to do list. But motivating your team is an entirely different challenge. Its not always as simple as cracking the whip or offering a cash bonus, either. Understanding how people respond to different types of motivation can help us be better leaders and increase the productivity of our teams. It can just take a little science to figure out what works best and which strategies to use to motivate your team. 1. Show Appreciation This first approach sounds simple, but it can make a big difference. In a survey of 2,000 working Americans, 81 percent said theyd work harder for an appreciative boss. 70 percent also said theyd feel better about themselves and their work if their boss showed appreciation more often. For a simple thanks, thats quite a good returnâ€"even if it only leads to a small increase in productivity, its worth the effort. According to Wharton professor Adam Grant, A sense of appreciation is the single most sustainable motivator at work. Grant says appreciation differs from motivators like cash bonuses or promotions, which we quickly adjust to, because the sense that other people appreciate what you do sticks with you. A review of over fifty studies from the London School of Economics in 2011 backs up the benefits of showing appreciation for your team. The review found people put in more effort at work when they feel appreciated. Another example of this effect at work comes from behavioral economist Dan Ariely, who conducted an experiment on motivation at an Intel factory in Israel. The study split employees into groups and told each group theyd receive a different reward for completing all their work each day. One group would receive a small cash bonus, another would receive a voucher for free pizza, and a third would receive a compliment from the boss. On the first day, the pizza group was most productive, with the compliment group a close second. The cash bonus group had a small bump in productivity compared to the control group (who received no bonus reward) but was far behind the pizza and compliment conditions. And on the second day of the study, the cash bonus group actually performed worse than those employees not receiving any reward. As the week finished up, productivity leveled out across all three conditions, but compliments ended up as the best option for boosting the workers performance. This study points out how little money can motivate us, and how, in fact, it can even harm our motivation. But another study showed that when we dont feel our work is appreciated, we tend to expect more money as compensation for the same work. So take some time to say thank you to your team members today. That quick act could save you money and increase productivity. Discover team productivity 2. Show Your Team the Fruits of Their Labor Research shows we like to see the outcome of our efforts. An example comes from a study that asked participants to build Lego models, paying a small sum per model that decreased for each one the participants completed. For some participants, the models were immediately disassembled by the researchers. For the rest, their models were kept under the table to be disassembled at the end of the experiment. The team whose work was kept until they were done completed an average of eleven Lego models before quitting, while those whose models were immediately disassembled only managed seven. Even though both groups of participants knew their work would ultimately be destroyed, seeing the fruits of their labor was enough to encourage participants to keep working for longer. A less tangible example comes from a study of a fundraising call center at the University of Michigan. Call center workers were visited by students who had benefited from the centers efforts, for a ten-minute chat. A month later researchers found that those workers whod been spoken to by students were spending 142 percent longer on the phone, and overall the centers income had increased by 171 percent. Even if your team isnt creating something tangible like Lego models, there are ways you can show them the outcomes theyre contributing to. Seeing how their efforts lead to a meaningful result could motivate your team to work harder. 3. Motivate Your Team by Putting Something at Stake We like to get new things, but we hate losing things even more. This principle is called loss aversion. Were so averse to loss that well go a long way to avoid it. Vassilis Dalakas, professor of marketing at California State University San Marcos tested how loss aversion could be used to increase his students motivation to study. He taught the same consumer behavior class twice, with the same material, and introduced optional pop quizzes throughout the class in both cases. The quizzes were worth one point if they were passed, and any student with five points at the end of the class could skip the final exam. The only difference between the two classes was the rule around the final exam. In the first class the exam was required, but students could earn the right to opt out by gaining five points from the quizzes. In the second class the exam was optional from the start but students could lose the right to opt out by not gaining five points. Guess which class passed more quizzes? In class one 43 percent of students earned five points by the end of the class. In class two it was 82 percentâ€"almost double. The reason is simply loss aversion. We hate to lose things that we feel belong to us. Its so upsetting that well work harder to maintain our ownership over those things rather than suffer the loss. The students in the second class believed they owned the right to skip the exam and didnt want to have it taken away, so they were more likely to study hard and pass the quizzes. The good news is even small losses work better as motivators than rewards. As we saw in the study above, it’s simply a matter of framing that changes how much we’re motivated to work hard. So you might offer your team the chance to earn an afternoon off by hitting their weekly goals. Or you could promise them an afternoon off every week unless they don’t hit their weekly goals. The outcome is the same, but the framing is different. It seems we care more about not losing something that’s already been promised to us than we do about earning something new. You can combine the various suggestions I’ve explored here to motivate your team. Show your team the fruits of their labor and remember to offer your appreciation for their work, but also try putting something at stake now and then. Each of these approaches has been shown to increase motivation, but together theyre sure to work even better. Teamwork made simple Discover MeisterTask Discover MeisterTask

Animated Voice Images Of Tsunamis - 1031 Words

Animated voice: Footage of tsunamis. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYy2h8IUV1U Yesterday afternoon, at approximately 14:46 JTS time, a massive 9.0 magnitude earthquake occurred just off the east coast of Japan, across from Sendai. The epicentre of the earthquake was at 38.322 °N 142.369 °E and caused a massive tsunami to form. Now we’ll go over to our very own reporter, Willow Jones, who will be explaining tsunamis for you. Willow: Live footage from studio. Hello, I’m Willow and I will be your reporter for tonight. Now, over 90% of tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes like this one. The other causes of tsunamis are underwater landslides, volcanos, and even meteorites! Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic under†¦show more content†¦This goes on like a Mexican wave. When the energy reaches the surface, and has nowhere else to go, it translates outwards like a soundwave. Tsunamis can travel incredibly fast, as fast as 800km an hour! The longer it takes to reach land, the stronger the tsunami gets. Photo of the ring of fire. https://www.google.com.au/search?q=nuclear+disasterssafe=strictbiw=1536bih=690source=lnmstbm=ischsa=Xsqi=2ved=0ahUKEwj00teW1MzOAhUDl5QKHQp_DAAQ_AUIBigB#safe=stricttbm=ischq=ring+of+fireimgrc=De4mj2rYdEQ0_M%3A Early warning systems are installed at intervals on the ocean floor, especially around the ring of fire, where many earthquakes occur. Footage of tsunami. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2ZOmMH4WHA#t=0.3316559 When a tsunami reaches the coastline of a country, the preliminary wave comes and acts like a sudden high tide. This wave then quickly disappears back into the ocean. This action provides an early warning system, letting people that in a few minutes the real tsunami wave is coming. When the real tsunami wave arrives, it will knock anything down that is in its path. Cars, people, and even buildings in the case of a large tsunami, will be pulled down. Although there are early warning systems, the message does not get out quick enough and many people are unaware that a tsunami is soon to come. Now we will go over to former nuclear reactor manager and scientist, Will Morgen, to explain

The Little-Known Secrets to Help with Dissertations

The Little-Known Secrets to Help with Dissertations Help with Dissertations Features For instance, some public relations firms wish to see journalism degrees. For instance, if you have a look at top-tier MBA programs, you will discover the most prosperous graduates are twenty-somethings with a couple years of corporate or military experience. Our affordable custom made dissertation help on the internet is flexible and tailored to suits the requirements of a student. When you take a look at the university of chicago press. Custom writing means a severe company with high standards. There may also be business letters and perhaps even para-legal documents to be drawn up that only an expert writer should deal with. It's rare to locate an on-line custom writing agency that provides high quality papers at very affordable prices. If your library does not provide access to the dissertation you're searching for, learn more on the subject of dissertation ordering options. 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Biology 1202 Notes Free Essays

Thursday January 17 Mastering biology course id=MBPOLLACK01639 Life first appeared on earth about 4 billion years ago Origin of life is a hypothesis not a theory Very little oxygen in early earths atmosphere Spontaneous generation of life- random formation of life Millions of species on earth, up to 100 million the expirement of miller and urey showed what? test question a few centuries ago: eople thought that new living things appeared all of the time(spontaneous generation of life) ex: mold growing on food in the mid 1800s Louis Pasteur refuted the theory of spontaneous generation of life he basically left something out but sealed it off and nothing grew on it, then he left it out without being sealed and stuff grew the cell theory- all existing cells come from pre-existing cells about 50 trillion cells make up the human body but all came from the single diploid cell formed from conception conditions on early earth: tmosphere- similar to Jupiter today, no free oxygen, frequent storms with lots of lightning, volcano eruptions, meteor impacts, UV light from the sun, no ozone layer earth before life arose: about 4. 6 billion years old, known because of radiometric dating of meteorites and moon rocks life arose about 3. 8 billion years ago, known because of chemical traces in the rocks, fossilized bacteria was found in rocks 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology 1202 Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5 billion years ago no spontaneous generation now but must have happened then how to assemble a living thing: accumulation of organic molecules atalyze reactions reproduce from stored genetic info separate the living thing from the outside environment 3 domains of life- bacteria, archaea, eukarya proteins are needed to synthesize more DNA DNA is used to synthesize RNA which is used to make protein†¦DNA-RNA-Protein Ribozymes: RNA molecule that can catalyze reactions, especially those involved in synthesis and processing of RNA itself Conclusion- earliest cells used RNA to store info Ribozymes used to catalyze reactions Thursday January 24th Our species has been here for about 200,000 years PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION Theory- general explanation of natural phenomena, developed through extensive and reproducible observations Hypothesis- tentative explanation of observations, educated guess The origin of species was a book published in 1859 by Charles Darwin Main points of book: Evolution occurs in populations, not individuals Natural selection is the mechanism Observation 1-living things tend to reproduce as quickly as possible. Observation 2-constant population size over time (carrying capacity) Inference- competition for survival; differential reproductive success â€Å"I don’t like dogs. They all smell like dogs and poop on my lawn† variability in structures and behaviors all of this leads to natural selection, organisms best suited to an environment leave the most offspring evolution- the genetic makeup of a population changes over time, driven by natural selection evolution- a change in the allele frequency of a population over time study pakicetus slide 1/29/13 homologous structures suggest common ancestry some homologous structures look different today because of divergent evolution 300 million years ago is when we started to see the type of mammalian limbs similar to the structure today analogous tructures=convergent evolution analogous structure do NOT suggest common ancestry similar environmental forces select for similar structures in unrelated organisms vestigial structures- rudimentary form of and organ more fully formed in ancestor â€Å"evolutionary baggage† vestigial structures are a type of homologous structure WHAT IS DARWINS POINT ON EAR? ON TEST Developmental biology- the biology of studying organisms from the unicellular stage onward WATCH DARWIN VIDEO All living things have DNA and transcribe it into RNA using amino acids Artificial selection- insecticides, antibiotics etc. Know 3 types of natural selection 1. irectional selection 2. stabilizing selection 3. disruptive selection 1/31/13 evolution of populations GregorMendel- monk who did pea expirements and shed light on the rules of inheritance He worked at the same time as Darwin but his work was overlooked until the 20th century The modern synthesis(early 1940s) – a conceptual synthesis of Darwinian evolution, mendelian inheritance, and modern population genetics Evolution- a change in phenotypic constitution of a population owing to a situation on heritable variation among pheneotypes that changes the genotypic constitution of the population Phenotype- all expressed traits of an organism Genotype- the entire genetic makeup of an individual Evolution-a change in allele frequency in a population(change in the gene pool) Population genetics-examines the frequency, distribution, and inheritance of alleles within a population Hardy-weinberg equilibrium- the pop genetics theorem that states that the frequencies of alleles and enotypes in a population will remain constant unless acted upon by non-mendelian processes Allele frequencies- under strict mendelian inheritance, allele frequencies would remain constant from on generation to the next(hardy-weinberg equilibrium) If there is no change in allele frequency there is no evolution Biological species concept- a population whose members can potentially interbreed in NATURE to produce viable reproductive offspring Reproductive barriers- isolate populations from one another Speciation- the process by which new species form EXAM 1 Two requirement for speciation- reproductive isolation of populations(gene flow significantly reduced) and genetic divergence(divergent evolution) Tuesday feb 5 Convergent evolution- no common ancestor with that trait, similar environmental things caused the same evolution Divergent evolution- comes from common ancestors but over time the trait changes Proto means before External barriers Skin-physical barrier to microbial entry, inhospitable environment for growth; dry, dead cells at surface ; sweat/sebaceous glands secreting acids and natural antibiotics like lactic acid Mucuous mebranes of respiratory and digestive tracts well-defined; secretions have antibacterial enzymes Cilia-line the inside of trachea; epithelial cells-smokers cough is from lack of cilia Stomach; if microbes are swallowed, acids(low pH) and protein-digesting enzymes destroy them Lines of defense: Nonspecififc internal defense: Phagocytosis cells: white blood cells in extracellular fluid, amoeboid shape,destroy microbes by phagocytosis-search out bacteria, viral particles, cellular debris-produced in bone marrow. Target stuff that is not in your cells **questions about lymphatic system on exam natural killer cells- white blood cells that destroy body cells infected by viruses and cancerous cells by punching hole in them inflammatory response- caused by large scale microbial invasion through a wound istamine released in response to damage which leads to an increased blood flow at and around the wound in order to wash out the wound. Which leads to inflammation other chemicals- macrophages blood clotting fever= response to microbes establishing major infection. Low grade fever 100-102 can be beneficial slows down microbial reproduction enhances immune system immune response- reaction to specific type of microbe and provides future protection. Involves 2 types of WBC called lymphocytes-B cells and T cells B cells mature in bone marrow T cells are born in marrow but mature in thymus /26/13 humeral cells is same as B cells its called specific immune response because only the cell with the appropriate antibody responds 23,00 coding genes in our genome 3 types of amino acids- hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ones that can make hydrosulfide bridges most proteins form well with other proteins an antibody is made of four different types of proteins so it takes 4 specific proteins for it to react? Immune system distinguishes self from non self by destroying cells that respond to the body’s own molecules Body randomly makes 100,000,000 different antibodies antigen can bind to 1 specific antibody epitope- the three different site where antibodies can bind on a single antigen allergies: type of immune response allergen-recognized as a foreign antigen and binds to B cell – coordinated by the humoral immunity response B cell makes plasma cells, releasing allergy antibodies into the bloodstream Antibodies bind to histamine-containing cells in connective tissue Cells release histamine causing inflammatory response such as mucus 1. irst exposure to pollen stimulates B cells to produce allergy plasma cell 2. plasma cells produce allergy antibodies 3. allergy antibodies bind to mast cells 4. re-exposure to pollen results in pollen binding to allergy antibodies on mast cells 5. binding f pollen stimulates mast cells to release histamine, triggering the inflammatory response allergy medication antihistamines others inhibit production of histamine producing cells people without allergies lack genes for allergy-causing antibodies, or produce less of the antibody ormation of a pimple acne develops as a result of blockages In follicles formation of a plug or keratin and sebum(made of fat and the debris of dead fat-producing cells) the natural occurring bacteria propionibacterium acnes can cause inflammation the white blood cells build up(forming a whitehead) and then destroy (by phag ocytosis) the bacteria to prevent infection chicken pox and shingles caused by same virus symptoms are very different after you have had the chicken pox, you become immune to the virus. It is impossible that you may have a slight reaction after re-exposure, such as a few spots and a slight fever. However, you will not get a full blown case of chicken pox more than once shingles: causing agent for herpes zoster is varicella zoster virus, a double stranded DNA virus most people are infected with this virus as children, and suffer from an episode of chickenpox the immune system eventually eliminates the virus from most locations, but it remains dormant in the ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord or the ganglion semilunare in the base of the skull How to cite Biology 1202 Notes, Essay examples

Television Fundamentals Essays - Television Technology, Electronics

Television Fundamentals In this report on television I will discuss television signals, the components the make up a television, and how a television produces the picture and sound for the final output. The sound carrier is at the upper end of the spectrum. Frequency modulation is used to impress the sound on the carrier. The maximum frequency deviation is twenty-five kilohertz, considerably less than the deviation permitted by confessional FM stereo. As a result, a TV sound signal occupies less bandwidth in the spectrum than a standard FM broadcast station. Stereo sound is available in TV, and the multiplexing method used to transmit two channels of sound information is virtually identical to that used in stereo transmission for FM broadcasting. The picture information is transmitted on a separate carrier located 4.5 MHz lower in frequency than the sound carrier. The video signal derived from a camera is used to amplitude modulate the picture carrier. Different methods of modulation are used for both sound and picture information so that there is less interference between the picture and sound signals. The full upper sidebands of the picture information are transmitted, but only a portion of the lower sidebands is suppressed to conserve spectrum space. The color information in a picture is transmitted by way of frequency division multiplexing techniques. Two color signals derived from the camera are used to modulate a subcarrier that, in turn, modulates the picture carrier along with the main voice information. The color subcarriers use double-sideband-suppressed carrier AM. The video signal can contain frequency components up to 4.2 MHz. Therefore, if both sidebands were transmitted simultaneously, the picture signal would occupy 8.4 MHz. The vestigal sideband transmission reduces this excessive bandwidth. Because a TV signal occupies so much bandwidth, it must be transmitted in a very high frequency portion of the spectrum. TV signals are assigned to frequencies in the VHF and UHF range. United States TV stations use the frequencies between 54 and 806 MHz. This portion of the spectrum is divided into sixty-eight 6MHz channels that are assigned frequencies. Channels 2 through 7 occupy the frequency range from 54 to 88 MHz. Additional TV channels occupy the space between 470 and 806 MHz. The video signal is most often generated by a TV camera, a very sophisticated electronic device that incorporates lenses and light-sensitive tranducers to convert the scene or object to be viewed into an electrical signal that can be used to modulate a carrier. To do this, the scene to be transmitted is collected and focused by a lens upon a light-sensitive imaging device. Both vacume tube and semiconductor devices are used for converting the light information in the scene into an electrical signal. The scene is divided into smaller segments that can be transmitted serially over a period of time. It is the job of the camera to subdivide the scene in an orderly manner so that an acceptable signal is developed. This process is called scanning. Scanning is a technique that divides a rectangular scene up into individual lines. The standard TV scene dimensions have an aspect ratio of 4:3; that is, the scene width is four units for every 3 units of height. To create a picture, the scene is subdivided into many fine horizontal lines called scan lines. Each line represents a very narrow portion of light variations in the scene. The greater the number of scan lines, the higher the resolution and the greater the detail that can be observed. United States TV standards call for the scene to be divided into a maximum of 525 horizontal lines. The task of the TV camera is to convert the scene into an electrical signal. The camera accomplishes this by transmitting a voltage of 1 volt for black and 0 volts for white. The scene is divided into 15 scan lines numbered 0 through 14. The scene is focused on the light-sensitive area of a vidicon tube or CCD imaging device that scans the scene one line at time, transmitting the light variations along the lines as voltage levels. Where the white background is being scanned a 0 volt signal occurs. When a black picture element is encountered a 1 volt level is transmitted. The electrical signals derived from each scan line are refereed to as the video signal. They are transmitted serially one after the other until the entire scene has been sent. Since the scene contains colors, there are different levels of light along each scan line. This information is transmitted as different shades of gray between black and white.

key issues essays

key issues essays President George Bush and Senator John Kerry are the two key running mates for this years race to the White House. Bush and Kerry differ on many issues, some big and some small. They differ on how the economy should be handled, energy and environmental issues, health care matters, national security, and education standards. Comparing these issues may help you decide how you this fall. The President has repeatedly called on Congress to make his tax cuts permanent, saying failure to do so would amount to a tax hike and threaten the economy in generating new jobs. He believes that speeding up the tax cuts will increase the pace of economic recovery and job creation. He wants to provide dividend and capitol gains tax relief to give small business incentives to grow. He proposes that each state will receive $20 billion in aid for these services. John Kerry on the other hand has different views. To pay for broad health care reform, Kerry has called for repeal of the Bush tax cuts for Americans earning more than $200,000 a year. However, he would keep the tax cuts for the middle class. He says he can cut the half-trillion dollar budget by the end of a four year term, even while spending $72 billion a year to extend health care to 27 million of the 40-plus million uninsured (www.wesh.com). Energy and Environmental issues also show differences between the candidates. President Bush believes the threat of global warming should be addressed through new economic growth and efficiency. He also favors drilling for oil in Alaskas Artic National Wildlife refuge, and he supports to reduce air pollution and acid rain by a proposed budget of $1.7 billion to develop hydrogen-powered fuel cells. Bush also supports more domestic oil, natural gas, and coal production. He also wants to increase logging in national forests as a way to prevent forest fires. Kerry favors U.S. participation in an international climate change program to curb glob...

Overview of the 27th Amendment

Overview of the 27th Amendment Taking nearly 203 years and the efforts of a college student to finally win ratification, the 27th Amendment has one of the strangest histories of any amendment ever made to the U.S. Constitution. The 27th Amendment requires that any increases or decreases in the base salary paid to members of Congress may not take effect until the next term of office for the U.S. representatives begins. This means that another congressional general election must have been held before the pay raise or cut can take effect. The intent of the Amendment is to prevent Congress from granting itself immediate pay raises. The complete text of the 27th Amendment states: â€Å"No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of representatives shall have intervened.† Note that members of Congress are also legally eligible to receive the same annual cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) raise given to other federal employees. The 27th Amendment does not apply to these adjustments. The COLA raises take effect automatically on January 1 of each year unless Congress, through the passage of a joint resolution, votes to decline them - as it has done since 2009. While the 27th Amendment is the Constitution’s most recently adopted amendment, it is also one of the first ones proposed. History of the 27th Amendment As it is today, congressional pay was a hotly debated topic in 1787 during the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin opposed paying congress members any salary at all. Doing so, Franklin argued, would result in representatives seeking office only to further their â€Å"selfish pursuits.† However, a majority of delegates disagreed; pointing out that Franklin’s payless plan would result in a Congress made up only of wealthy people who could afford holding federal offices. Still, Franklin’s comments moved the delegates to look for a way to make sure people did not seek public office simply as a way to fatten their wallets.   The delegates recalled their hatred for a feature of the English government called â€Å"placemen.† Placemen were seated members of Parliament who were appointed by the King to simultaneously serve in highly-paid administrative offices similar to presidential cabinet secretaries simply to buy their favorable votes in Parliament. To prevent placemen in America, the Framers included the Incompatibility Clause of Article I, Section 6 of the Constitution. Called the â€Å"Cornerstone of the Constitution† by the Framers, the Incompatibility Clause states that â€Å"no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.† Fine, but to the question of how much members of Congress would be paid, the Constitution states only that their salaries should be as â€Å"ascertained by Law† - meaning Congress would set its own pay. To most of the American people and especially to James Madison, that sounded like a bad idea. Enter the Bill of Rights In 1789, Madison, largely to address the concerns of the Anti-Federalists, proposed the 12 - rather than 10 - amendments that would become the Bill of Rights when ratified in 1791. One of the two amendments not successfully ratified at the time would eventually become the 27th Amendment. While Madison did not want Congress to have the power to give itself raises, he also felt that giving the president a unilateral power to set congressional salaries would give the executive branch too much control over the legislative branch to be in the spirit of the system of â€Å"separation of powers† embodied throughout the Constitution.   Instead, Madison suggested that the proposed amendment require that a congressional election had to take place before any pay increase could take effect. That way, he argued, if the people felt the raise was too large, they could vote â€Å"the rascals† out of office when they ran for re-election. The Epic Ratification of the 27th Amendment On September 25, 1789, what would much later become the 27th Amendment was listed as the second of 12 amendments sent to the states for ratification. Fifteen months later, when 10 of the 12 amendments had been ratified to become the Bill of Rights, the future 27th Amendment was not among them. By the time the Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791, only six states had ratified the congressional pay amendment. However, when the First Congress passed the Amendment in 1789, lawmakers had not specified a time limit within which the Amendment had to be ratified by the states. By 1979 - 188 years later - only 10 of the 38 states required had ratified the 27th Amendment. Student to the Rescue Just as the 27th Amendment appeared destined to become little more than a footnote in history books, along came Gregory Watson, a sophomore student at the University of Texas in Austin. In 1982, Watson was assigned to write an essay on government processes. Taking an interest in constitutional amendments that had not been ratified; he wrote his essay on the congressional pay amendment. Watson argued that since Congress had not set a time limit in 1789, it not only could but should be ratified now. Unfortunately for Watson, but fortunately for the 27th Amendment, he was given a C on his paper. After his appeals to get the grade raised were rejected, Watson decided to take his appeal to the American people in a big way. Interviewed by NPR in 2017 Watson stated, â€Å"I thought right then and there, ‘I’m going to get that thing ratified.’† Watson started by sending letters to state and federal legislators, most of who just filed away. The one exception was U.S. Senator William Cohen who convinced his home state of Maine to ratify the amendment in 1983. Driven largely by the public’s dissatisfaction with the performance of Congress compared to its rapidly-rising salaries and benefits during the 1980s, the 27th Amendment ratification movement grew from a trickle to a flood. During 1985 alone, five more states ratified it, and when Michigan approved it on May 7, 1992, the required 38 states had followed suit. The 27th Amendment was officially certified as an article of the U.S. Constitution on May 20, 1992 - a staggering 202 years, 7 months, and 10 days after the First Congress had proposed it. Effects and Legacy of the 27th Amendment The long-belated ratification of an amendment preventing Congress from voting itself an immediate pay raise shocked members of Congress and baffled legal scholars who questioned whether a proposal written by James Madison could still become part of the Constitution nearly 203 years later. Over the years since its final ratification, the practical effect of the 27th Amendment has been minimal. Congress has voted to reject its annual automatic cost-of-living raise since 2009 and members know that proposing a general pay raise would be politically damaging.   In that sense alone, the 27th Amendment represents an important gauge of the people’s report card on Congress through the centuries. And what of our hero, college student Gregory Watson? In 2017, the University of Texas recognized his place in history by at last raising the grade on his 35-year-old essay from a C to an A.

The significance of Jerusalem to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Essay

The significance of Jerusalem to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - Essay Example armed can defend the physical territory which cradled a religion, yet so as the one favored or preferred by people with the authority (thus making it political). One such city, undergoing fierce territorial pursuits in lieu of its three cradled religion -- Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, is the holy city of Israel, the Jerusalem. Jerusalem is central to the religion, Judaism. Geographically and historically, this city bore the city of David and its main Temple, of which existed the Ark of the Covenant (Prior 71). Inherent to almost all religions, the Judaism’s hold for Jerusalem as its holy city is primarily rooted by its being the place of origin and the existence of an important relic, the Ark of the Covenant. Symbolically, the Temple’s destruction and the Jew’s oppression have become events that were to be endured and triumphed over to be able to accomplish the â€Å"return of the Jews to Zion† (Hoppe 22). Indeed, the world had been witnessed to the Jew’s sufferings. Consequently, they view the return to their holy city, Jerusalem, of which they were repeatedly ousted, as the ultimate reward for refusing to give up in this religious-territorial battle. For the Christians, Jerusalem, as its holy city, lies on the fact that the place is the event for Jesus’ death, resurrection and ascension, as well as the ‘descension of the Holy Spirit on the early Church’ (Prior 71). The Jerusalem City, cradling these important events, naturally marked its place in the Christian history and piety. However, what strengthened the city’s position in the Christian norm is the discovery of Jesus’ tomb in the city (Hoppe 22). The tomb’s existence in Jerusalem sealed its place in the Christian norm that even if pilgrimage was not considered the religion’s tradition, it was nevertheless encouraged. The Muslims consider Jerusalem to be one of its three holiest places, apart from Mecca and Medina (Prior 71). Jerusalem’s holiness in the Muslim context is based

1. To what extent could the United States between 1776 and 1865 be Essay

1. To what extent could the United States between 1776 and 1865 be described as a house divided against itself - Essay Example Slavery resistance began when people started to deny support, overturn the already established orders and more importantly challenging them. Slavery significantly contributed to division among the US citizen (Lowance 45). Political representation was another cause of the division among the Free States and Slave state. Politicians between the Free states and slave states were concerned about power balance in the Senate. The politicians were appealing that every state should be represented by two members of state and more importantly, there should be an equal number of free states and slave states. Resistance became violent when the population of Free States became more than that of slave states in the House of Representatives (Farmer 213). Abolitionist movements were also a contributing factor to the division Americans. In the year 1830, individuals who wanted to see various institutions abolished within the US started becoming more influential and strident. These individuals claimed they preferred obedience to higher law over having obedience to a constitution. When the constitution was passed, it made some explicit mention of slavery. It allowed slaves to be counted as a third of a person. This activity was meant to determine the representation, as well as the population in the House of Representatives. This Act was not supported by everybody especially individuals residing in slave states. The resistance turned out to be more severe in effort to bring more slave states. For instance, resisters sought after to make Missouri a slave state. Instead of making the region a slave state, a Missouri compromise was developed. Missouri Compromise was as federal law that regulated slavery in the western US territories. The law, passed in 1820 restricted slavery in the north region in the former Louisiana Territory. The only areas that were allowed to conduct slavery were the boundary of Missouri State (Lowance

Flow in Pipe Network Analysed Using Hardy Cross Method

Flow in Pipe Network Analysed Using Hardy Cross Method Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Procedure for Hardy Cross method: 3.0 Flow in Pipe Network analysed using Hardy Cross method 4.0 Advantages 5.0 Conclusion 6.0 References 1.0 Introduction Piping networks have quite a wide range of practical applications, from water and gas distribution systems to air conditioning installations. Although simple problems, such as for instance, a single branch connecting two reservoirs, may be solved analytically, more complex network problems need an iterative approach, recurring to a digital computer. The most popular method for solving this type of problems is the Hardy-Cross method. The Hardy Cross method is an iterative method for determining the flow in pipe network systems where the input and output flows are known, but the flow inside the network is unknown. Also, the pipe length, diameter, roughness and other key characteristics should be known. Before the method was introduced, solving complex pipe systems for distribution was extremely difficult due to the nonlinear relationship between head loss and flow. Water distribution system models have become very important and practical tool for civil engineers. Models are often used to optimize the design of new distribution systems or analyze major extensions or modifications to existing distribution systems. The introduction of the Hardy Cross method for analyzing pipe flow networks revolutionized  municipal water supply design (Pdhengineer.com, 2014). The Hardy Cross method is normally used as the pipe network analysis by most engineers. Computer models help engineers to solve difficult situations, namely: What is the maximum fire flow at a given point in the system? How long can that fire flow be provided for? What size pipe installation would be necessary between two points in a system to increase the pressure at one of the points to the minimum pressure required? If a subdivision or commercial development is built, will adequate pressures and flows exist? If not, what length and size of water mains must be upgraded by the developer to allow for the proposed construction? 2.0 Procedure for Hardy Cross method: This method is applicable to closed-loop pipe networks. The outflows from the system are assumed to occur at the nodes, where a node is the end of each pipe. This assumption would therefore result uniform flow in the pipelines distribution systems. The Hardy-Cross analysis is based on the principles that At each junction, the total inflow must be equal to total outflow. Head balance criterion: algebraic sum of the head losses around any closed-loop is zero. For a given pipe system, with known junction outflows, the Hardy-Cross method is an iterative procedure based on initially estimated flows in pipes. Estimated pipe flows are corrected with iteration until head losses in the clockwise direction and in the anticlockwise direction are equal within each loop. A trial distribution is madearbitrarily but in such a way that continuity equation is satisfied at each juction. With the assumed value of Q, the head loss in each pipe is calculated according to the equation Where : head loss r : head loss per unit flow n : flow exponent The net headloss around each loop is calculated. If the net head loss due to assumed values of Q round the loop is zero, then the assumed values of Q in that loop are correct. If this is not the case, then the assumed values of Q are corrected by including a correction à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Q for the flows till the circuit is balanced. The correction factor à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Q is obtained by For turbulent flow, the value of n=2 and hence the correction factor becomes If the value of à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Q is positive, then it is added to the flow in the clockwise direction and subtracted from the flows in the anticlockwise direction. After the correction have been applied to each pipe in a loop and to all loops, a second trial calculation is made for all loops. This procedure is repeated till à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Q becomes negligible. 3.0 Flow in Pipe Network analysed using Hardy Cross method 4.0 Advantages The Hardy Cross method is useful because it relies on only simple math, circumventing the need to solve a system of equations. Without the Hardy Cross methods, engineers would have to solve complex systems of equations with variable exponents that cannot easily be solved by hand. The Hardy Cross method iteratively corrects for the mistakes in the initial guess used to solve the problem. Subsequent mistakes in calculation are also iteratively corrected. If the method is followed correctly, the proper flow in each pipe can still be found if small mathematical errors are consistently made in the process. This method is based on the successive addition of flow-rate corrections in each branch, in order to achieve satisfaction of energy conservation along every path in the network. The easiness of building a new network or modifying an existing one allows the engineer to readily observe how small changes in the network configuration may produce interesting results such as a flow reversal in a certain branch. 5.0 Conclusion Distribution system is a network of pipelines that distribute water to the consumers. They are designed to adequately satisfy the water requirement for a combination of domestic, commercial, industrial and fire fighting purposes. In any pipe network, the algebraic sum of pressure drops around a closed loop must be zero (there can be no discontinuity in pressure) as well as the flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow leaving that junction; i.e. the law of continuity must be satisfied (Nptel.ac.in, 2014). A good distribution system should provide adequate water pressure at the consumers taps for a specific rate of flow. The pressures should not only be great enough to adequately meet fire fighting needs, but should also not be excessive due to pressure leakages which is cost-effective. However, in tall buildings, booster pumps are required to elevate the water to upper floors. Moreover, distribution system of purified water should be completely water-tight and the purity of distributed water should be maintained. Maintenance of the distribution system should be easy and economical. Even, during breakdown periods of pipeline, water should remain available. If a particular pipe length is under repair and has been shut down, the water to the population living in the down-stream side of this pipeline should be available from other pipeline. The distribution pipes systems should not be placed under highways, carriage ways as they will obstruct any traffic flow, but should be laid under foo t paths. Figure 1: Pipe network for Municipal water distribution systems in cities (Scribd.com, 2014) 6.0 References Gupta, R.K., 2005. A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines. 9th ed. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. Nptel.ac.in, (2014).Objectives template. [Online] Available at: http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/FLUID-MECHANICS/lecture-36/36-3_pipe_soln_hardy.htm [Accessed on 27 March 2014]. Nptel.ac.in, (2014).Water Supply Network Design. [Online] Available at: http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT KANPUR/wasteWater/Lecture%2015.htm [Accessed on 27 March 2014]. Pdhengineer.com, (2014).The Hardy Cross Method and its Successors in Water Distribution PDHengineer Course EN-2034. [Online] Available at: http://www.pdhengineer.com/catalog/index.php?route=product/productproduct_id=1320 [Accessed on 31 March 2014]. Scribd.com, (2014).Pipe Network Analysis using Hardy Cross method. [Online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/42173408/Pipe-Network-Analysis-using-Hardy-Cross-method [Accessed on 29 March 2014]. https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/8169/1/obra.pdf) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_Cross_method

“The Metamorphosis” Expressionism

Expressionism An expressionist piece of literature portrays a vision of the real world through the author’s point of view. â€Å"The Metamorphosis† is an excellent example of expressionism. It shows Franz Kafka’s honest interpretation of the world. His endless fears from his life can be seen in â€Å"The Metamorphosis†. Two fears of Frank Kafka’s that keep re-appearing in â€Å"The Metamorphosis† are displacement in society and strained relationships with society. After Gregor’s metamorphosis he also is no longer a part of his human society and can no longer preserve his relationships with his family.Gregor’s metamorphosis symbolizes Frank Kafka’s every nightmare and hardship in life. Franz Kafka was born in a Jewish family in Prague in 1833. He wasn’t a part of the Jewish community whole heartedly nor was he a part of the German community wholeheartedly. He was out of place in society much like the main character, Gregor in â€Å"The Metamorphosis†. Gregor was an insect in a human world. Everything about him differed from a human’s. He went from a young and capable man one night to an â€Å"old dung beetle† (42). he next morning. A man can never be part of society if he doesn’t know how to fit in. How was Gregor to fit in as an insect? It’s impossible. Some might argue looks aren’t everything one can be an important figure in society and make an impact just through the power of speech. But Gregor couldn’t even do that. To everything that Gregor wished to say the response he received in return was â€Å"Did you understand even a single word? † (18). Neither Franz Kafka or Gregor were able to truly fit in their society.Another key component in Franz Kafka’s life was his strained relationship with his father. This is evident in Gregor’s life as well. The novelette does not tell the reader information on Gregor’s relati onship with his father before the metamorphosis. But from the astonishment of Gregor in response to his father’s actions and words the reader can conclude that his behavior towards Gregor was not always like this. No matter what Gregor did â€Å"his father was in no mood for such niceties† (37). This portrays Franz Kafka’s failure in ever making his father proud of him.Franz Kafka was the eldest yet he could not carry the pride of the family. Gregor has carried his family’s burden for a long time. In fact â€Å"he was hot all over with shame and sorrow† (30) when he thought of his family having to make a living for themselves. He had always been the provider. However he was never appreciated, yet another message of Franz Kafka. No one appreciated him in his lifetime. Therefore his character was never appreciated. They were both stepped on as if they were no more significant than an insect.

The Simple Pleasures of Life Bring Happiness Essay

I am determined to be cheerful and happy in whatever situation I may find myself. For I have learned that the greater part of our misery or unhappiness is determined not by our circumstance but by our disposition. -- Martha Washington Happiness is not something ready made. It comes from your own actions. -- Dalai Lama An emotion is an intense feeling. Happiness is one of the many emotions humans experience. It may perhaps be the most important feeling a person can have and it is the one feeling everyone strives to achieve, yet strangely, for the most part, people seem to only get a glimpse of it. Pleasurable satisfaction, a state of well-being and contentment are the more outstanding elements of happiness. Happiness, known†¦show more content†¦Happiness is denoted by the way a person behaves. Usually when someone is happy it is obvious and they express this feeling outwardly, whether by their actions or verbally. The facial area is the main part through which happiness is shown. The expressions of the face such as a twinkle in the eyes when joyous, the ever-present laugh lines around the eyes, which constantly smile at you, makes the on-looker aware of a happy person. The mouth plays an important role in showing that a person is content, through both physical and verbal means. The ra diant smiles with the accompanying dimple, spreads delight and pleasure. Laughter, a universal expression of joy, travels through the air spreading cheer to all that hear it. Other verbal expressions of gaiety take the form of song singing, which has always been used over the years to express feelings of happiness, and exuberant chatter, which infuses the air with excitement and enthusiasm. Physical expressions of joy are not limited to the facial area alone. Extending to the whole body, happiness is shown through skipping, the swinging of hands, twirling, dancing and almost any rhythmic movement of the limbs. 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Waste Disposal and Recycling Where the Trash Goes

Take a look inside your garbage can.  How much garbage does your family throw away each day? Each week? Where does all of that trash go? Its tempting to think that the trash we throw away actually goes away, but we know better. Heres a look at what actually happens to all of that trash after it leaves your can. Solid Waste Fast Facts and Definitions First, the facts. Did you know that every hour, Americans throw away 2.5 million plastic bottles? Every day, each person living in the U.S. generates an average of 2 kilograms (about 4.4 pounds) of trash.   Municipal solid waste is defined as the trash produced by homes, businesses, schools, and other organizations within the community. It differs from other waste generated such as construction debris, agricultural waste, or industrial waste. We utilize three methods for dealing with all of this waste - incineration, landfills, and recycling. Incineration  is a waste treatment process that involves the burning of solid waste. Specifically, incinerators burn the organic material within the waste stream.A Landfill  is a hole in the ground designed for the burying of solid waste. Landfills are the oldest and most common method of waste treatment.Recycling  is the process of reclaiming raw materials and reusing them to create new goods. Incineration Incineration has a few advantages from an environmental perspective. Incinerators dont take up much space. Nor do they pollute groundwater. Some facilities even use the heat generated by burning waste to produce electricity. Incineration also has a number of disadvantages. They release a number of pollutants into the air, and roughly 10 percent of what is burned is left behind and must be handled in some way. Incinerators can also be expensive to build and operate. Sanitary Landfills Before the invention of the landfill, most people living in communities in Europe simply tossed their trash into the streets or outside the city gates. But somewhere around the 1800s, people began to realize that the vermin attracted by all of that trash were spreading diseases. Local communities began to dig landfills that were simply open holes in the ground where residents could dispose of their garbage. But while it was good to have the waste out of the streets, it didnt take long for town officials to realize that these  unsightly  dumps still attracted vermin. They also  leached chemicals from the waste materials, forming  pollutants  called leachate that ran off into  streams and lakes or seeped into the local groundwater supply. In 1976, the U.S. banned the use of these open dumps and set up guidelines for the creation and use of sanitary landfills. These types of landfills are designed to hold municipal solid waste as well as construction debris and agricultural waste while preventing it from polluting nearby land and water. The key features of a sanitary landfill include: Liners:  Layers of clay and plastic at the bottom and on the sides of the landfill that prevent leachate from leaking into the soil.Leachate treatment: A holding tank where leachates are collected and treated with chemicals so that they do not pollute water supplies.Monitoring wells:  Wells in close proximity to the landfill are tested regularly to ensure that pollutants are not leaching into the water.Compacted layers:  Waste is compacted in layers to prevent it from settling unevenly. Layers are lined with plastic or clean soil.Vent pipes:  These pipes allow the gases produced as waste decomposes - namely methane and carbon dioxide - to vent into the atmosphere and prevent fires and explosions. When a landfill is full, its covered with a clay cap to keep rainwater from entering. Some are reused as parks or recreation areas, but government regulations prohibit the reuse of this land for housing or agricultural purposes. Recycling Another way that solid waste is treated is by reclaiming the raw materials within the waste stream and reusing them to make new products. Recycling reduces the amount of waste that must be burned or buried. It also takes some pressure off of the environment by reducing the need for new resources, such as paper and metals. The overall process of creating a new process from a reclaimed, recycled material also uses less energy than the creation of a product using new materials. Fortunately, there are a lot of materials in the waste stream - such as oil, tires, plastic, paper, glass, batteries, and electronics - that can be recycled. Most recycled products fall within four key groups: metal, plastic, paper, and glass. Metal:  The metal in most aluminum and steel cans is 100 percent recyclable, meaning that it can be completely reused over and over again to make new cans. Yet every year, Americans throw away more than $1billion in aluminum cans. Plastic:  Plastic is made from the solid materials, or resins, left over after oil (a fossil fuel) has been refined to make gasoline. These resins are then heated and stretched or molded to make everything from bags to bottles to jugs. These plastics are easily collected from the waste stream and converted into new products. Paper:  Most paper products can only be recycled a few times as recycled paper is not as strong or sturdy as virgin materials. But  for every metric ton of paper that is recycled, 17 trees are saved from logging operations.   Glass:  Glass is one of the easiest materials to recycle and reuse because it can be melted down over and over again. It is also less expensive to make glass from recycled glass than it is to make it from new materials because the recycled glass can be melted at a lower temperature. If you arent already recycling materials before they hit your trash can, now is a good time to start. As you can see, every item that gets hauled away in your trash causes an impact on the planet.